Strategic Management Unit 5 IP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vital Management Unit 5 IP - Assignment Example A business is in the same class as its arranging, controlling and usage. During this investigation diverse key conversations will be there which would assist the organization with keeping its strides in the Tennessee market. Qualities: - It is a very notable organization all through the USA. As it is very notable individuals can undoubtedly review its name. The executives of the organization would not discover any issue with respect to their acknowledgment of their items. Organization makes great nature of instruments. Items are of high caliber. Clients are delineated with the items made by organization. Quality affirmation is a genuine quality for the organization. Value scopes of their items are additionally well inside the compass of ordinary clients. Organization is having an extraordinary pool of experienced work power. Devices Corp Corporation is having extraordinary after deals administrations offices for their clients. After deals administration is additionally an extraordinary quality for the organization. Shortcoming: - Modern day instruments organizations are thinking of various types of creative items. Organization is having sure arrangement of items. Organization is deficient in imaginative items. Organization has lesser loads of items for abrupt interest in the market. Company’s all out working model isn't that much in fact propelled like different organizations in the business. Organization is over reliant on a couple of sellers. Each and every other player in the business are offering significance to advancement and marking. Organization is inadequate in this angle moreover. Openings: - Tennessee is a music adoring state. Individuals here are exceptionally enamored with their music. As an instrument organization it would make bunches of chance for the organization. Openings are extremely high as financially savvy instrument organizations are in not many numbers in this market. Entire part of center salary individuals of Tennessee can be open door for the organization. New and youngsters are making new groups. These sorts of new maturing individuals from the state can be open door for the

An Overview of The Sport: Astroturf

levels, competitors may never again be viewed as simply individuals, however more as costly liabilities. The soundness of these competitors become increasingly more significant as it isn't just their wellbeing which is on the line, yet in addition a great many dollars. Wounds do happen in sports, particularly physical games, however astroturf expands these chances of injury. It will be indicated that astroturf causes expanded wear on the body and an expanded number of, just as progressively extreme wounds. Along these lines, more secure choices ought to be utilized in the arenas. Astroturf is a risky surface to play on and ought not be utilized by competitors. The wear on a players body after a game is unbelievable, so new advancements are continually being made to reduce the effect of the game on the competitors body; better shoes, progressively defensive cushions. These things permit the competitor to contend at a similar level, however toward the finish of the game be in better condition to play in the following one. If so, at that point proprietors of groups ought to consider disposing of their counterfeit turf. Astroturf builds mileage on the body and causes more minor wounds than grass. This wearing out of the body would prompt snappier weakness and diminished execution. Since the time astroturf was presented, individuals have been griping about its belongings and these grievances are heard significantly stronger in this period. â€Å"Athletes reprimand fake turf for tendinitis, shin supports, and broken bones. † (Schrier,1987) Warren Sapp of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers is one of numerous football players who experiences the impacts of the astroturf. He says, It feels like you've been running on blocks for two miles, your knees are genuine sore and normally you come out with nine or 10 crapes and you don't have any acquaintance with it until you get into the shower and it's consuming like hellfire. † (Wharton, 1999) Sapp's agony originates from the way that running on astroturf is just somewhat superior to running on black-top. Astroturf is made of nylon strands which are five-eighths of an inch since quite a while ago sewed into a firmly woven tangle. It is then laid over a five-eighths-inch-thick froth cushion for padding and stuck to a black-top base. (Schrier,1987) So every one of that isolates the competitor from black-top is under two crawls of elastic. The other issue which Sapp specifies is â€Å"turf burn†. Since nylon opposes tearing it additionally implies that shallow injuries are bound to happen. Despite the fact that these injuries are not hindering to the prompt wellbeing of the competitor they are agonizing and do influence the presentation and perhaps the life span of the competitor's profession. Steve Young of the San Francisco 49er's says, It's difficult playing on your back porch. In the event that you wonder what playing on counterfeit turf resembles, go out there and tumble down two or multiple times. At that point do what we do †run and scratch over. â€Å"(Unknown,1998) These evil emotions toward counterfeit turf are felt all through the NFL. Another player portrayed it as, â€Å"sandpaper laid over cement. A survey done in 1994 uncovered that ninety-six percent of more than 900 players said fake turf leaves them feeling sorer than subsequent to playing on grass. Ninety-four percent accept turf is bound to add to a physical issue and a large portion of the players recognized a past physical issue they accepted to be brought about by astroturf. Also, a significant number of these wounds are not kidding wounds; there have been many season completion and vocation finishing wounds on turf. These progressively genuine wounds however are the essential motivation behind why counterfeit turf ought not be utilized in arenas. A Cornell University study indicated that, †¦ foot and knee wounds happen on manufactured turf around 50 percent more than on grass. What's more, when wounds do happen, they regularly are more genuine and hard to recuperate than those that happen on This was the situation for three head players in the NFL this season as Vinny Testaverde, Wayne Chrebet and Jamal Anderson were all seriously harmed due to Astroturf. The players were seriously harmed in a circumstance where there was no contact with different players. For Chrebet's situation two coaches said they had no doubt as far as they can say that he broke his foot on account of the surface and that's it. (Kirwan,1999) In the previous two cases what happened was â€Å"foot lock†. The contact between the shoe and the turf was excessively incredible thus as the players attempted to cut their foot stayed, yet the remainder of the body continued moving. This would not have occurred on grass Dr. Willibald Nagler of Cornell University clarifies, â€Å"When you play tennis on a delicate court, you can slide into the stroke. That removes a great deal of worry from the lower leg and knee. Grass permits you to slide as well, a smidgen, yet it gets the job done, the equivalent for football. † (Bernard,1996) So when making a cut, the foot won't give remain planted and the injury won't happen. Nagler proceeds to state, Football on grass brings about less ligamentous wounds, and those that do happen are not as serious, as indicated by the distributed logical articles. Besides, engineered turf may intensify existing wounds, or make mending take longer. (Bernard,1996) These ligamentous wounds are generally the most serious wounds to happen as a result of the fake turf. In a meeting with Dr. Wayne Woodland, he clarified that, â€Å"there is likewise an expanded danger of blackouts, and the turf makes numerous competitors get turf toe. † Turf toe is a strain to the tendon in the enormous toe which isn't just liable to reoccur, however it can likewise be a genuine physical issue. Deion Sanders was lost for the finish of a years ago season and was required to have medical procedure to fix the injury and the Atlanta Falcon's Chuck Smith missed over a month this season with the injury. Much more upsetting than the undeniable increment in wounds is that there are in any event three passings and a few additional instances of loss of motion which have been accused on fake turf. Players in the NFL are so angry about not having any desire to play on counterfeit turf that previously, the NFLPA have documented various claims attempting to get fake turf marked a â€Å"hazardous substance†. With the progressions of innovation, astroturf should be supplanted with something which is more secure and less rebuffing for the players. Much of the time this option is grass. However, numerous arenas won't change to grass because of the financial matters of the circumstance. Grass is costly to keep up and will restrict the pay of the arena by constraining the erformances that can be put on there, for example, shows. Numerous individuals feel that the controlled condition is expected to take into consideration a superior game. Players are searching for the wellbeing of grass joined with a controlled domain and ease. There are presently numerous items available which guarantee to satisfy these guidelines. Another organization called Fieldturf, in collusion with Nike, has discharged an item which all the more intently takes after the surface and reaction of grass. It is made of manufactured sharp edges and is held up byan counterfeit soil made out of silica and ubber that can be made of reused running shoes. John Ingram, the Nebraska Cornhuskers' chief of athletic offices says that, â€Å"It is the nearest thing to characteristic grass I've seen,† (Barnes,1999) The Cornhuskers' played their whole season on the field and didn't have any wounds this year. This combined with the controllable condition satisfied the players and the executives with the field. This new field might be the influx of things to come as in addition to the fact that it is less expensive than grass and astroturf, however it is strong and safe. In an examination done by Dr. Bill Barnhill, he found that Fieldturf had under 50% less wounds than grass and seventy-five percent less than astroturf. Of these wounds, ninety-three percent were minor wounds bringing about less than seven days lost. Despite the fact that a few naturalists dislike the thought, the Fieldturf framework and different frameworks before long like it might start to make grass and even astroturf out of date setting aside individuals cash and players from injury. Wounds to players, for example, Vinny Testaverde and Jamal Anderson ought not happen. Fake turfs are hazardous and ought not be utilized in any circumstance. The investigations of wounds in proficient competitors on grass contrasted with turf unmistakably exhibit the hazard that competitors are at when playing on these surfaces. Regardless of whether they are little or huge, huge numbers of them ought not occur and would not occur if the surface would have been on grass or the more current, progressively creative surfaces. The board ought to perceive that they are paying their competitors a great many dollars and ought to be placed in a circumstance where they will perform and keep on performing to their desires for a long time.

The UAP Hallmark Programs Free Essays

Last September 22, 2000 was the People Development Day of the University of Asia and the Pacific (UAP). It was featured with a program that turned into a social affair of the high positioning characters the college has like the UAP president, Dr. Mario D. We will compose a custom paper test on The UAP Hallmark Programs or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Camacho; the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Antonio Torralba; the Vice President for Administrative Affairs, Dr. Josemaria Mariano; and the program executive of the People Development, Mr. Jun Papelleras. Dr. Antonio Torralba talked about the UAP trademark programs which I am going to handle all through this paper. The word trademark implies a distinctive trademark sign, characteristic, or highlight that makes one interesting. On account of the UAP, it has three trademark programs which are specifically: values instruction; individuals improvement; and research and correspondence. In the field of qualities instruction, the UAP is resolved to show its understudies with the privilege and appropriate qualities and mentalities that will help for the improvement of the general public as well as for their normal great. Actually, the college offers courses in social and expert arrangement of virtues. With this, the UAP plans to create understudies with discipline, perseverance, soul of big business, trustworthiness, social solidarity, and all inclusive standpoint. The subsequent trademark program of the UAP is the individuals advancement. In this field, the college understudies are prepared to be: ecologically mindful in our environmental factors; agreeable to other people; values arranged; worry to their wellbeing and to the correct food nourishment; puts something aside for activation; and appropriately taught people. The UAP accepts that through these six projects of individuals advancement, the understudies will accomplish its fullest potential as a prosperity. The last trademark program of the UAP is the examination and correspondence which is the fundamental points of its trailblazer, the Center for Research and Communication. It is said that the UAP proceeds with its inquires about with the humanistic, proficient, logical and specialized information for the benefit of all of the general public. The college, through research and correspondence, intends to be an apparatus for the upliftment of the good and economic wellbeing of society. Really, the UAP has any kind of effect through its three significant trademark programs as contrast with different colleges and organization in the land. What's more, that makes the UAP one of a kind and exceptional. The most effective method to refer to The UAP Hallmark Programs, Papers The UAP Hallmark Programs Free Essays Last September 22, 2000 was the People Development Day of the University of Asia and the Pacific (UAP). It was featured with a program that turned into a get-together of the high positioning characters the college has like the UAP president, Dr. Mario D. We will compose a custom paper test on The UAP Hallmark Programs or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Camacho; the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Antonio Torralba; the Vice President for Administrative Affairs, Dr. Josemaria Mariano; and the program executive of the People Development, Mr. Jun Papelleras. Dr. Antonio Torralba talked about the UAP trademark programs which I am going to handle all through this paper. The word trademark implies a distinctive trademark sign, attribute, or highlight that makes one special. On account of the UAP, it has three trademark programs which are to be specific: values instruction; individuals advancement; and research and correspondence. In the field of qualities training, the UAP is resolved to show its understudies with the privilege and legitimate qualities and mentalities that will help for the advancement of the general public as well as for their basic great. In actuality, the college offers courses in social and expert arrangement of virtues. With this, the UAP intends to create understudies with discipline, persistence, soul of big business, trustworthiness, social solidarity, and all inclusive viewpoint. The subsequent trademark program of the UAP is the individuals advancement. In this field, the college understudies are prepared to be: earth mindful in our environmental factors; helpful to other people; values arranged; worry to their wellbeing and to the correct food nourishment; puts something aside for activation; and appropriately taught people. The UAP accepts that through these six projects of individuals improvement, the understudies will accomplish its fullest potential as a prosperity. The last trademark program of the UAP is the exploration and correspondence which is the primary points of its precursor, the Center for Research and Communication. It is said that the UAP proceeds with its looks into with the humanistic, proficient, logical and specialized information for the benefit of everyone of the general public. The college, through research and correspondence, intends to be an apparatus for the upliftment of the good and economic wellbeing of society. Really, the UAP has any kind of effect through its three significant trademark programs as contrast with different colleges and establishment in the land. What's more, that makes the UAP one of a kind and exceptional. The most effective method to refer to The UAP Hallmark Programs, Papers

THEATRE CH Essay

Theater CH Essay Theater CH Essay Theater is a type of workmanship that places entertainers before a gathering of individuals in a demonstration of commitment and revelation about existence Showy exhibitions have occurred for a large number of years and in every world culture with not many special cases. The incredible social orders of Europe, China and India previously supported auditorium as a methods for assembling residents to celebrate community achievements, caution of individual blunders, or derision society’s fools. Thus, old human advancements in the East and West made sensational workmanship and stage conventions enduring hundreds of years. Promptness and nearness have separate showy craftsmanship from different types of workmanship. Entertainers present themselves to their crowd in a story including strongly close to home parts of human conduct. Theater has been characterized as a method of seeing people in real life, seeing what they do and why, and the aftereffects of their activities. It tends to be said that auditorium is a quick method of encountering being human. Thornton Wilder’s, The Match Maker is a case of how theater draws in on-screen characters in an extremely human anecdote about genuine affection. In his play it shows the course of genuine romance neglecting to run easily on the grounds that their seniors didn't endorse yet passed them by and saw each other at any rate. Theaters living quality-it’s instantaneousness, aliveness, spaces and observers. Theater is not the same as T.V, films, and so on is the live association of the physical nearness crowd and entertainers. The Lion King, The Wicked, and The Addams Family are generally instances of redirection from genuine occasions like common turmoil and unfurling wars. A dramatic occasion is confined to a fixed number of seats in a solitary structure. In New York or London playhouses seat roughly 700-2,000 individuals daily. As opposed to the intuitiveness of advanced media, theater draws in us in a functioning and dynamic physical development of conduct and significance. Theater can't be duplicated in another medium, when the exhibition closes it is gone for eternity. What’s interesting and crippling is that performance center is being lost to people in the future. Theatre’s living quality on the two sides of the â€Å"footlights† separates it from its famous broad communications contenders. Theater matches life-speaking to our humanness in an impersonation of human certainties and real factors. Theater is â€Å"alive† as on-screen characters recount to a story in quick fellowship with its crowd. Film and theater are similarly persuading in their narrating powers, however their methods of introduction are inconceivably extraordinary. 6 ESSENTIAL PARALLELS: On-screen characters - Humanity Reproduction - Reality Practice - Discovery Act of spontaneity - Spontaneity Stage - World Crowds - Society Consistently in theater there is doubleness. The on-screen characters are people speaking to the playwright’s creative articulation of our humankind and the human condition; the stage is a stage that persuades us it’s a different universe. Theatre’s doubleness-craftsmanship reflecting life, and life reflecting workmanship is another uncommon nature of this perplexing workmanship. Doubleness mirrors a feeling of life lived in front of an audience during a dramatic encounter. The crowd encounters the entertainer both as on-screen character the living nearness of another being-and anecdotal character. The Elizabethan thought of the phase as a mirror, related for what it's worth to the demonstration of seeing, can help comprehend the elements of theater and its style. As reflected in the mirror, our mankind has shape, shading, structure, mentality and feeling; it is even fit for development inside the constraints of the mirror’s outline. It is both a phase world and a dream of a genuine world. Theater is life’s twofold, it is a chosen reflection sorted out into stories and fictions about occasions and individuals to reveal to us something about our humankind. Theater makes dream, as we watch, that we are imparting an encounter to others just because. In theater we both put stock in what's going on before us (â€Å"suspend our disbelief,† as the artist Coleridge said) and doubt in the stage-world before us. The word

Julius Caesar Essays (229 words) - Ancient Rome, 1st Millennium BC

Julius Caesar Conceived in Rome on July 12 or 13, 100 BC, Caesar had a place with the lofty Julian faction; yet from youth he knew debate. His uncle by marriage was Gaius Marius, pioneer of the Populares. This gathering upheld agrarian change and was contradicted by the reactionary Optimates, a senatorial group. Marius was seven times diplomat (boss judge), and the most recent year he held office, not long previously his demise in 86 BC, he claimed a frightening cost for the Optimates. At the equivalent time he made sure that youthful Caesar was delegated flamen dialis, one of an old organization with no force. This recognized him with his uncle's fanatic legislative issues, and his marriage in 84 BC to Cornelia, the girl of Marius' partner, Cinna, further affirmed him as a radical. When Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marius' adversary and pioneer of the Optimates, was made despot in 82 BC, he gave a rundown of adversaries to be executed. In spite of the fact that Caesar was not hurt, he was requested by Sulla to separate Cornelia. Declining that request, he discovered it judicious to leave Rome. He didn't come back to the city until 78 BC, after Sulla's renunciation. Caesar was currently 22 years of age. Unfit to pick up office, he left Rome again and went to Rhodes, where he examined talk; he came back to Rome in 73 BC, an extremely influential speaker. The prior year, while still missing, he had been chosen for the pontificate, a significant school of Roman clerics.

Going on this week at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Going on this week at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Tuesday Title: U.S. Shale Gas Pacific Gas Market: Pacific LNG Trade Gas Pricing Issues Sponsored By: Center on Global Energy Policy What is it:   Forum with Adam Sieminski, Administrator of the U.S. Energy Information Administration; and Chris Smith, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary and Acting Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy. Wednesday Title: 2013 MFA Thesis Exhibition Sponsored by:   Columbia University School of Arts What is it:  Columbia University School of the Arts Visual Arts Program, in association with the Fisher Landau Center for Art, presents the 2013 MFA Thesis Exhibition, encompassing work by the 26 artists who will graduate from the program this May. Thursday Title: Can Haitian Story-telling, Imagination and Oral History Traditions Influence Popular Environmental Risk Perception? Sponsored by: The Earth Institute What is it: Panel with Sabine Marx, Managing Director, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED), Columbia University; Laura Simms, Award-winning Performer, Writer, Educator; Jean Refuse, Director, Haitian American Foundation for Cultural Exchange; Moderated by Tatiana Wah, Director, Haiti Research and Policy Program, and Alex Fischer, Associate Director, Haiti Research and Policy Program, Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD), The Earth Institute, Columbia University. Friday Title: Late Imperial Epistemologies: A Eurasian Studies Workshop Sponsored by: Harriman Institute What is it: Conference about Late Imperial Epistemologies in Eurasian Studies. Saturday Undergraduate move out, no campus events Sunday Title: SIPA Graduation Party Sponsored by: SIPASA What is it: Join us at the SIPASA Graduation Party for one final night together as the Class of 2013! Celebrate under the stars with all your second year friends at The Empire Hotel Rooftop.

Impacts of Psychotropic Drugs Research Paper - 1375 Words

Impacts of Psychotropic Drugs (Research Paper Sample) Content: Impacts of Psychotropic DrugsNameInstitutionIMPACTS OF PYSCHOTROPIC DRUGSTo fully understand social problems it is important for one to understand the definition of sociology. Therefore, sociology is the scientific study of human behavior which involves various aspects such as origin, organization and institution. For one to successively analyze all these elements there must be a well carried out investigation which is critically thought. This further gives one the understanding of the relationships between the various key factors such as social change and order. Sociological imagination is the insight provided through studying sociology. Correlation between personal experiences of drug users and health outcomes are interlinked. Partially they are shaped by the society. The youths abusing alcohol and other drugs most often tend to disengage themselves from community activities this deprives their peers the contribution they would have made towards them. Psychotropic drugs are ill effects problem as they usually double the risk of suicide and long term use causes lifetime of physical and mental damage .In this paper I will be studying the impact of psychotropic drugs on the user quality life (Grekin et al., 2011)POOR HEALTH BEHAVIOURThis arise as a result of smoking cigarettes more often leading to reduced physical activity and high body mass index. Further, abuse leads to dependency whereby continuous users have worse social functioning ability. The users again develop depression due to mixing alcohol with other toxic drugs .In some cases this leads to high rates of suicides. Compared to the non-consumers the non-users have the best quality life. The healthy youths have normal lives which are very interactive and sociable in nature, on the other hand, the regular abusers of the drugs have anti-social behavior .Consequently, they spend most of their times alone and do not take part in school co- curricular activities such as games. The users have a tendency of overdosing even the prescribed drugs.DATA AND METHODSA survey was collected in Australia (Fleischhacker et al., 2011) of sample size n=87 .Small sample size made quantitative generalizations difficult. The main weakness of survey was self-reported data could have been unreliable. This revealed that the general satisfaction with life and well-being decreased. Furthermore, non-participant observational study carried in France (Alla et al., 2004).of sample size critiqued the key findings using the Q-sort methodology used in Canada using the sample size and critiqued the key findingsSOCIAL CONFLICTING THEORYPhysicians have more knowledge on drugs than the patients does. The doctors in most cases makes the patients believe that they have got the best interest of them at their heart. However, sometimes they potentially perform actions to exploit their patients for financial gain.FUNCTIONALISMPatients should be able to rely on the physicians without the fear that they will be exploited. Accurate and functional information is part of the rights entitled to the patients for their safety.SYMBOLIC INTERACTONISMDrug usage varies depending on the cultures, subcultures and groups. Therefore, the knowledge on the various uses of the drugs solely is dependent on the levels of impacts experienced by the regular abusers.In this paper I have studied the quality impacts of drugs use on the user quality life. Future research on drugs abusing along with its impact, based o...

Sexism In Modern Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1169 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Sexism Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Sexism refers to the retrogressive acts of discriminating against people based on their gender identity or sex. Typically, both male and female genders can be victimized in different contexts. However, discrimination and prejudice against the girls and women are more common compared to the male gender (Deegan, 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexism In Modern Society" essay for you Create order Sexism is a global social problem that affects both genders. For instance, most organizations have more male than female leaders. Additionally, discrimination against women has led to men assuming most of the political offices globally. The female population is significantly more than their male counterparts across the globe. However, due to sexism and negative stereotypes against women, most elective posts are held by men. Women have also been demoralized from pursuing technical subjects due to sexism. Currently, most college students pursuing scientific courses such as Engineering, Architecture, Medicine and Computer Programming are predominantly male (Deegan, 2014). Contrarily, women dominate the arts courses such as Sociology and Philosophy. Parents encourage their male children to study scientific courses while neglecting the females. Sexism is, therefore, a global problem that hinders women empowerment and sustainable development. Gender roles have also contributed to sexism. Most primitive societies believe that women are intrinsically inferior to men (Deegan, 2014). As such, these societies tend to favor men while disregarding women. The primary domestic duties such as washing utensils, cleaning the house, cooking and laundry services are reserved for women. Conversely, the technical and economic activities such as carpentry, masonry, and electrical services are reserved for men. Therefore, men become more economically empowered as a result of the division of labor and gender roles. In extreme cases, sexism and gender discrimination may precipitate domestic violence, rape, and other forms of sexual harassment. The term sexism was predominantly applied during the second wave of women movements in the 1960s (King, 2016). During this period, women campaigned against racial discrimination and gender prejudice. The philosophy of sexism holds that one gender is superior to the other and thus deserves more recognition in the society. For instance, employers may prefer having men in management positions over women. In this scenario, women are discriminated unfairly. Some organization favor male employees as they are deemed fit for manual jobs. Women are also preoccupied with domestic responsibilities such as raising children. Similarly, women have a high likelihood of requesting for maternity leave ones they become expectant. Therefore, some employers view women as a liability in the organization. The patriarchal societies have bolstered sexism through enhancing men dominion. In this society, men are perceived as the heads of their family (Deegan, 2014). As such, women in the patriarchal societies are economically and socially oppressed. Wage disparity between men and women in the workplace is still prevalent in most organizations. Although some women are more competent than their male counter parts, they are paid lower wages. Sexism is closely related to feminism. However, the two terms are distinct. Feminism movements were created to advocate for womens rights and end the social disparity and gender inequity. As such, feminism encompasses the affirmative actions aimed at empowering the female gender. The feminists acknowledge that women are socially marginalized (Deegan, 2014). Therefore, they define sexism with a particular focus on women empowerment. Feminism is the philosophy that encourages equality between the male and female gender by addressing the factors that inhibit women success. However, sexism is the perception or believes that one gender or sex is superior to the other. There are minor cases in which men are marginalized. As such, sexism addresses the gender issues without a specific focus on women. The society discriminates against women by their gender identity. The biological sex is used as the determining factor for the social stereotypes. However, biology does not provide the informati on regarding one sex being superior to the other (Deegan, 2014). Thus, the gender discrimination against women is a societal perception that cannot be scientifically verified. The constitutions of most states provide for the rights of all citizens regardless of their gender. For instance, the bill of rights guarantees equality for both genders in the United States. Nevertheless, due to employers perception as well as social stigma, few women work in construction sites and other strenuous workplaces. Sexism and discrimination against women is not only prevalent in technical and strenuous workplaces, but also other sectors prefer having more men than women. Female employees endure inappropriate and derogatory comments from their male counterparts. Most supervisors and management staffs in the contemporary organizations are men. The few women in the leadership roles sacrifice other aspects such as raising a family to maintain their positions. Sexism is also evidenced by the wage gap between the male and female employees. Additionally, men are preferred by employers as they are deemed intelligent and reliable compared to the female employees. Women have been considered homemakers for many years (Fine and Asch, 2018). As such, a section of the society believes that their functions are limited to house chores such as cooking and raising a family. Sexism negatively affects single mothers who are unable to find employment due to their gender. These women are unable to cater for their ch ildren as the society does not empower them economically. Due to the increased costs of living, there is a need for both men and women to be financially empowered. When both parents are financially empowered, the family income becomes sufficient to meet the basic needs as well as improve their living standards. By empowering women, the society will learn to appreciate their contributions and also end the social stigma that portrays men as the sole economic providers (Deegan, 2014). Although sexism mostly focuses on the female gender inferiority, studies highlight that in some cases men are also marginalized (King, 2016). For instance, the modeling and fashion industry is mostly dominated by women. As such, there is a need to address the disparity by encouraging more men to venture into the industry. Traditionally, female children get more parental attention and care as compared to their male counterparts (King, 2016). The society expects men to work for long hours to provide for their families. Sexism is also illustrated by the fact that men are required to be physically strong while women are expected to be modest, kind, and obedient. Opinion and Conclusion Sexism affects both male and female genders in different ways. However, the feminist movements have focused on addressing women grievances by advocating for affirmative actions. This social problem can be solved if organizations pay women the same wages as their male counterparts and provide a positive atmosphere for growth to both genders. To end sexism, both genders should be treated equally to ensure a cohesive existence in the society. References Deegan, M. J. (2014). Goffman on gender, sexism, and feminism: a summary of notes on a conversation with Erving Goffman and my reflections then and now. Symbolic Interaction, 37(1), 71-86. Fine, M., Asch, A. (2018). Disabled women: Sexism without the pedestal. In Women and Disability (pp. 6-22). Routledge. King, D. K. (2016). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. In Race, Gender and Class (pp. 36-57). Routledge.

Renaissance Linear Perspective - 1755 Words

Renaissance: Linear Perspective Maurice Young ART/101 July 21, 2013 Sara Shreve Renaissance: Linear Perspective One of the major roles of the artist is to enable the viewer to see the world in a new and innovative way. This task was a major challenge for the Renaissance artist before the 14th century on account of the artist not having the eyes to see or the skills to introduce the world to linear perspective. Smarthistory (2013) states that linear perspective â€Å"creates an illusion of space from a single, fixed viewpoint. This suggests a renewed focus on the individual viewer, and we know that individualism is an important part of the Humanism of the Renaissance† (para. 3). Although beautiful and true to the style of the†¦show more content†¦At every angle the eye seems to automatically focus on Christ even amongst other activity, â€Å"all roads lead to Christ.† Da Vinci’s depiction of the religious scene comes to life to give reverence to the event. [pic] Fig. 4 1503 Mona Lisa Leonard da Vinci Oil on poplar Musà ©e du Louvre, Paris Mona Lisa is famous for many reasons one because most of the artwork during the Renaissance period were of biblical events and scenes. Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa stood out among those artworks because it was not of a religious text or martyr. The painting is an introduction to sfumato which is a technique Da Vinci used at the corners of Mona Lisa’s lips and the corners of her eyes exploring natural emotion along with detailed realness of her hands. Mona Lisa is an excellent example of created illusions of space and depth within its beautiful landscape muted in the background (Totally History, 2012). [pic] Fig. 5 1508-1512 The Flood Michelangelo Fresco Sistine Chapel, Vatican City Although a true sculpture at heart, Michelangelo (1475- 1564) who is most famous for his sculpture of â€Å"David† and his fresco on the Sistine Chapel continues the list of painters who mastered linear perspective. â€Å"The Flood† by Michelangelo is a painted biblical scene displayed on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. In this particular scene Michelangelo creates a three- dimensionalShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Masaccio And Raphael s The Holy Trinity ( Fig )1174 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective plays an important role in understanding Masaccio’s frescos. Masaccio was born in 1401 and died unfortunately young in 1428. His full birth name is Tommasio di Ser Giovanni de Simone. He made a great contribution to Italian and Florentine art during the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. He worked alongside Filippo Brunelleschi an Italian architect and engineer. Toge ther they created the idea of linear perspective with the influence of earlier artists such as LorenzettiRead MoreEssay on Medieval vs. Renaissance Art887 Words   |  4 PagesMedieval vs. Renaissance Art Art during the Italian Renaissance differed from art during the Middle Ages. The two have contrasting characteristics and concepts. To the people in the medieval world, religion was their life. Everything in daily life focused around the church and God (Modern World 164). Medieval culture influenced the arts; this was evident in the religious themes. During the Italian Renaissance, painters and other artists focused on the portrayal of a more humanistic way ofRead MoreLeonardo Da Vincis Last Supper And Jacopo Tintorettos The Last Supper782 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 The High Renaissance rose after the Early Renaissance after artists had already mastered the techniques from that time. 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By doing the overlapping, the object which is behind will be blocked theRead MoreThe Renaissance Was A Creative Period974 Words   |  4 Pages The Renaissance was a creative period. â€Å"First called the rinascimento, Italian for ‘rebirth’ the period came to be known by its French name, the Renaissance.† This period can also be defined as the rebirth of classical learning, literature, and art. During this Renaissance artists branched away from the restraint of Byzantine Art. Early in the Renaissance, Florence was not part of the unified country of Italy. Italy was divided into different states such as Florence, Milan, Venice, etc. FlorenceRead MoreMonocular Cues Essay (Psychology)813 Words   |  4 PagesMasters of Illusions – Monocular Cues Essay The Renaissance was a time of cultural movement occurring from the 14th century to the 17th century, it brought along with it a new view of art and literature. Many of today’s famous artists came from the Renaissance such as Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. Many of the pieces they drew displayed evidence monocular cues which are depth perception cues that allowed the viewer to see the art in three dimensions. Today, monocular cues are usedRead MoreFollowing The Introduction Of The Linear Perspective From1154 Words   |  5 Pages Following the introduction of the linear perspective from Brunelleschi, his pervasive influence began showing up in many artist’s works. The religious works of Masaccio, Piero della Francesca and Botticelli would incorporate these new mathematical and geometry based ideas, further changing the view of pictorial linear views in art. Tomaso di ser Giovanni was an incredible artist whose career was cut short at an early age (Adams, p.87; Bendico, 2013) Born in Florence, Masaccio was a contemporaryRead MoreEssay on The Renaissance: Visual Analysis1515 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Renaissance Visual Analysis Introduction Generally believed to have begun in Florence, the Renaissance – also known as the ‘Rebirth’ – was a period of reviving interest in classical art and the beginning of scientific revolution. The Renaissance period did not begin abruptly; instead, it was an idea that took shape since the time of the painter Giotto (Gombrich 2007). In the early Renaissance period, Giotto experimented with and laid the foundation for painting with perspective, a methodRead MoreHumanism And The Renaissance Period1630 Words   |  7 Pages Humanism was very important to the Renaissance period due to the immense load of information studied, discovered, and learnt. The Renaissance meaning the rebirth of learning and culture. Humanism spread like wildfire throughout the European continent after being sparked in Italy. Italy studied the Romans and the Greeks in great detail. Humanism rose through art and literature as paintings no longer only portrayed God or Godly figures, and study ing languages enabled the people to read books thatRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Renaissance1547 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Generally believed to have begun in Florence, the Renaissance – also known as the ‘Rebirth’ – was a period of reviving interest in classical art and the beginning of scientific revolution. The Renaissance period did not begin abruptly; instead, it was an idea that took shape since the time of the painter Giotto (Gombrich 2007). In the early Renaissance period, Giotto experimented with and laid the foundation for painting with perspective, a method that was refined and perfected by later painters

What Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 977 Words

WHAT IS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER? What is post-traumatic stress disorder? Dr. Shira Maguen defines it as an anxiety disorder that may develop after an individual is exposed to one or more traumatic events.(Maguen 2008). In war situations military service members are exposed to many potential traumatic events. They could be put in life threatening danger or could be seriously injured. Witnessing a traumatic event such as a comrade being killed can also affect a service member. To be diagnosed with PTSD a person must also react with helplessness, fear, or horror after or during the traumatic event. Symptoms of PTSD are categorized in four different types. The first one is reliving the traumatic event. This could involve flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts. The second type is avoidance. They tend to avoid things that remind them of the traumatic event whether it be people, places, or even emotions. The third type is emotional numbing. They may detach themselves from loved ones, or become less interested in activities that interested them before. The final type is increased arousal. This type is common in returning veterans. They may experience increased anger and irritability and difficulty sleeping. Other symptoms could include feeling jumpy or easily startled. PTSD wasn’t recognized until 1980 as a mental disorder even though the symptoms have been observed for many years prior to this time. While there are many different causes of PTSD, the one we hear aboutShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? The Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder, also referred as PTSD, is classified as a psychiatric disorder that is caused by experiencing or witnessing life-threatening events (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2007). Several examples of life- threatening events include military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents or physical or sexual assault in adult or childhood (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2007). Individuals that suffer fromRead MoreWhat Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?2151 Words   |  9 PagesAugusto Gutierrez ENGLISH 1303 Instructor Zachary Turpin October 20, 2014 What is Post Traumatic Stress (PTS)? What are the effects and why should it not be considered a disorder? What is Post traumatic Stress Disorder or more commonly known as PTSD? It is unfortunately an affliction that has been generalized to a veteran issue as a negative side effect of enlistment and deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan, it is the â€Å"Agent Orange† of my generation. If you are unaware â€Å"Agent Orange† was a chemicalRead MoreWhat are the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Soldier?1229 Words   |  5 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder We usually think of war injuries as being physical, although one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and the effects can be devastating. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an emotional illness classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops because of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe event, often experienced in combat. Although this condition has likely existed since humans have enduredRead MoreWhat ´s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is PTSD? Post-Traumatic Stress Di-sorder is a syndrome exp-erienced by many veter-ans, and is a priority of a plethora of psychological researchers. The Diag-nostic and Statistical Man-ual of Mental disorders lis-ts eight criterion for this widespread mental dis-ease, including a stressor, meddling symptoms, ev-asion, amendments in provocation and react-ivity, and a duration of symptoms for more than a month. PTSD is often characterized by disrupt-ions in sleep patterns, with the traumatic eventRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes Symptoms and Effects Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesor suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. What this number does not include are the 39,365 cases of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (more commonly known as PTSD). (Department 2009) Although we usually think of war injuries as being physical, one of the most common war injuries is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and the effects can be devas tating to a redeploying soldier who has come in contact with severely traumatic experiences. PTSDRead More Sexual Assault Among Women In the United States Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesdegrees of depression, anxiety, and clinical stress. An issue to look at is how much control a victim of sexual assault has over her reaction. How much control can a woman have over repressing her emotions? How much of control does a woman have over her physical response to trauma? Furthermore what is the relationship between the mind and body? If a woman tries to repress her psychological response, does she develop a physical reaction? One type of disorder that develops among many women who have experiencedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 Pageswhy is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed wi th this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happened at that time to cause this disasterRead MorePtsd Is An Abbreviation For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagessymptoms of this disorder. They have proven themselves to be more than just an animal. Post-traumatic stress disorder dogs are far beyond just man’s best friend; they protect the protectors far after the wars end. First of all, what exactly is PTSD? PTSD is an abbreviation for post-traumatic stress disorder. One website says that the people that have this disorder developed it from being in a situation that was threatening or terrifying (â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder†). This disorder does not onlyRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumatic

Psychological Elements of the Crowd Essays - 1552 Words

Conforming to Riots: Psychological Elements of the Crowd I. Introduction From a psychological standpoint, crowds have been an elusive, enigmatic and frightening phenomenon; the nuances of the human mind in itself are elements which evoke worlds of study on their own, let alone the implications of attempting to analyze a collective of such minds. However, the study of crowd psychology is obligatory to enhance knowledge in many a field of study, including criminology and political science. Society’s growth and recession alike hinge on the numerous phenomena we can attribute to crowds, and hence the subject lends itself much importance to examine. This paper will go on to scrutinize what is known of crowd psychology, the phenomena involved†¦show more content†¦The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. A collective mind is formed, doubtless transitory, but presenting very clearly defined characteristics.† − The Crowd: A study of the popula r mind He went on to outline some elements of the ‘given circumstances’ that he attributed to crowds. The first was what he called ‘submergence’, an occurrence wherein individuals cease to assert their own identities and instead align to an unconscious and shared mentality, or where a sense of personal identity and uniqueness is ‘submerged’. Such an occurrence is assisted by the scaffold of having other people around them, granting the person with a feeling of anonymity and empowerment. The second element was ‘contagion’; Le Bon stated that within a crowd, feelings and action are literally contagious. In spite of morality or self-interest, individuals will succumb to mimicking what the crowd at large is doing. Finally, Le Bon stated that persons become susceptible to ‘suggestibility’, or believing and feeling whatever a ‘hypnotizer’ (e.g. an influential speaker) is saying, and often acting out on it. Moder n theory, in turn, took consideration to other factors of crowd elements- including the outside factors such as police presence. By the 20th century, many researchers had deemed Classic theory an inadequately scientific perspective on crowd psychology, mostly due to what wasShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Collective Behavior Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagessituational facilities. The defining characteristics of collective behaviour are not physical or temporal or psychological but social as according to Smelser. He says that many social elements myths, ideologies, the potential for violence, etc. are either controlled or taken for granted and hence are not readily observable. During episodes of collective behaviour he says these elements come into the open and then we can observe them. Collective behaviour, then, like deviance, affords a peculiarRead MoreAnalysis Of Les Foules Or The Crowd823 Words   |  4 Pages Les Foules or The Crowd is one of the poems of Charles Baudelaire. It is said that not everybody is given the privilege to bathe in the swarm. The joy of indulgence in the crowd is a skill in itself. Any human by himself or herself at the cost of fun of spirit is a person whom a faerie has encouraged a flavor of attire and mask in his cradle. This person disliked home life and dedication for journey. Withdrawal and confinement are like and correspondent terms for an effectiveRead MoreElements of Genocide: Collective Behaviour and Acting Crowd Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesCollective behaviour can be separated into two divisions, crowds and masses, which can be further subdivided, one of the most dangerous being an acting crowd. During World War II, an acting crowd known as the Nazi party brought forward the massacre of millions. After the war, in 1943 Raphael Lemkin, a Jewish-Polish lawyer, created the term genocide to describe the mass extermination of various groups. He combined Latin word â€Å"genos† (race or tribe) with another Latin term â€Å"cide† (to kill). AfterRead MoreDoctor Faustus : The Relationship Of Mephastophilis And Faustus1597 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess through learning supernatural powers. Alas, his admirable ambition and determined quest result in his tragic demise and ultimate downfall. In the Resurgens Theatre Company’ s production of Doctor Faustus, directed by Brent Griffin, the psychological perspective and narrative of Faustus is highlighted through the use of minimalistic approaches in casting, setting, and editing of the text. The production portrays Faustus’ renaissance characteristics and gives the audience an interactive andRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesMichaela Wolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travelsRead MoreCrowd Psychology1510 Words   |  7 PagesEssay This essay will explore how deindividuation theory might explain the looting behaviour that can sometimes accompany crowd riots. The core concepts and assumptions of the deindividuation theory will be critically evaluated. The potential strengths and limitations of this theory will be considered, as an explanation of crowd looting. The social identity approach on crowd behaviour will be used in contrast of the deindividuation approach. Research and evidence will be used from social psychologyRead MoreAnalysis Of Edward Scissorhands, By Tim Burton1660 Words   |  7 Pagestortured boy, outsider and artist. I am going to discuss how cultural and psychological concerns are represented through characterization, art direction, cinematography, and sound. I will support my discussion by analyzing a reflection on both the similarities and differences between the two films, and whether a distinctive â€Å"Burton† signature (aesthetics, cultural and psychological concerns) is evident. Cultural and psychological concerns is apparent through the use of characterization. Isolation/AlienationRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 Pagesand processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). Marketers need to generate the ideal mix of the marketing elements to meet the needs of their customers in their target market. Customer satisfaction is the key objective in the marketing concept. Marketing concept outlines that â€Å"marketing begins and ends with customers† (Pride, 2011, p.35). Marketing concept alsoRead More Shooting an Elephant, Critical Analysis Essay example771 Words   |  4 Pageswritten in protest of those governments, but in a fictional back ground. In Orwell’s essay Shooting an Elephant, he uses a personal experience to more clearly emphasize the impact of imperialism at the sociological and psychological level, in conjunction with other literary elements. This symposium of devices help drive the purpose of his paper and ultimately creates a more substantial impact on any reader. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most obvious is his choice to illustrate his point throughRead More7 Os: Occupants, Objects, Objectives, Organizations, Operations, Occasions, Outletss1336 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics – socio-cultural (sociological), personal, and psychological influence buying behavior?  · How does the buyer make purchasing decisions? Socio-cultural (sociological), Personal, and Psychological Characteristics Various sociological factors of importance Cultural Factors They have the broadest and deepest influence. Culture Culture is different for different societies. In the modern days, there are more common elements. Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a

SME Challenges to Access to Finance Free Essays

1. SMEs usually have limited financial resources compared to a large company. Often it is hard to finance the standard model for software process improvement (SPI) activities. We will write a custom essay sample on SME Challenges to Access to Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now They try to avoid excessive overhead for the full custom standard process implementation. 2. The proven best practices for the large companies might be too expensive or time consuming to perform in SMEs because of their limited resources and business model. 3. The majority of small companies are independently financed. That causes a tight financial situation for many small businesses. So they can’t always afford to buy required expertise that possesses the skills required in a particular position. 4. A first step toward process improvement is identifying the strengths and weaknesses of organization software processes. For this, an assessment to examine the processes against a reference model which helps to determine the processes capability to meet the required quality, cost, and schedule goals is required, but small companies have difficulty running those. 5. The small size of a company not only causes for the challenges of networking, marketing and business issues for small software companies. It also creates problems for gaining and leveraging technological know-how. 6. Large companies can improve the work efficiency using all needed toolkits. Small company also need these tools in every step of software process but high licensing costs often put their project cost over expectable levels. 7. SMEs suffer from the lack of literature and publications describing efforts on an improvement initiative. But adoption of internationally accepted software process practices is essential for the success of all software companies to compete in the global software development market. 8. Many SMEs have multiple business operations like service, product, and consultancy. A given employee may have to change the projects more frequently. This leads to additional challenges to improve the required level of competence for different projects with different technologies. 9. A given employee of SMEs may simultaneously play multiple roles. For that, he may ignore tasks or consider many tasks as low priority. Thus many important tasks may be left undone. In some cases, these tasks may be contradictory or mutually exclusive (e. g. A person is responsible for product cost reduction and improvement of customer service simultaneously). 10. In SMEs the average project duration is shorter than in large companies. Manager faces challenges to reallocate employees more frequently to different projects. How to cite SME Challenges to Access to Finance, Papers

Approaches to Workforce Planning

Question: Discuss about theApproaches to Workforce Planning. Answer: Introduction Human resource planning is the process of determining how to move organizational work force to desired position by management (Bhattacharyya 2009). To achieve the right number and the appropriate type of people to do the right thing at the right time and at the right place, the management has to do proper planning to achieve long-term benefit for both the organization and the individual employee. Ctlina (2011) notes that human resource planning has four phases which are; gathering and analysis of data through forecasting and manpower inventories, establishing manpower policies and objectives, designing and implementing plans to achieve manpower objectives for the organization and controlling and evaluating manpower plans for the organization. This process helps an organization to identify its manpower requirements and determine the issues that need immediate solutions. This report will be highlighting on approaches organizations can use to make sure the availability of work force to achieve the companys goals. According to Bhattacharyya (2009) human resource planning aims to ensuring optimum utilization of current employees, assess future skills requirements and establish control measures to enable availability of resources when needed. Human Resource Planning Approaches Work Force Analytics Workforce analytics is driven by the desire by organizations to move past the simple workforce planning to quantitative analysis due to growing interest in the cost of human capital and metrics. This goes examines the variables like employee demographics, job categories, cost and outcomes. This approach is useful in identifying trends and patterns in history of work force data that assist in understanding workforce dynamics. Quantitative approach to human resource planning is driven by management and considers HR planning as a game of numbers that is designed to track the departmental flow of people. It is founded on human resource inventory and information systems, techniques used for demand forecasting and work-study techniques (Momin Mishra, 2015). Benefits of Workforce Analytics Faster and marter decision-making due to improved organizational alignment Workforce analytics picks disconnected data and brings it together in a single view bringing about understanding and a common language among all stakeholders. Thus, stakeholders work from same evidence based views setting conditions for efficient and strategic approach of decision-making and action (Bechet 2008). Organizational alignment is improved by differentiating between facts, beliefs and opinions. The decision makers in an organization can now rely on data and not intuition to make decisions making the process fast, efficient and credible. Easier communication, better relationship, collaborative solutions and influence business outcomes in an organization Solutions derived from workforce analytics are helping HR and talent leaders get connected and grow their voice across the organization as the solutions give credible and powerful views of organizations. Accessible and clear information that relates to recruitment and outcome strengthens relationship between hiring managers and make it easy to address gaps in approaches and processes to hiring and managing new hires jointly. Efforts targeted and focused towards a common goal leading to stronger cohesion of the team Human resource team gain interest in data due to the possibility of seeing data clearly and making important connections. This makes the teams committed and aligned to work towards common goals. Focusing on the right things is brought about by having team members working from a common point of understanding leading to improved teamwork (Vaidya, Et al, 2010.). Empowers managers leading to accountability, ownership and taking action for business When managers are provided with data they can understand and act upon gives very strong results Ward and Tripp (2013) thus the managers and their teams take active roles in creating solutions to business problems and gear up to improving performance and achieving objectives of the business. Strengthening Organizational Values Workforce analytics can give a picture of areas and experiences of related to core values of the organization that are aligned and those not aligned. Workforce analytics solutions can demonstrate an organizations commitment to transparency by sharing insights as well as empowering employees by giving information they can use. Scenario-Modeling and Forecasting This methodology is as a result of the ability to analyze both past and current data to get historical trends, measure results and test relationships (Ward Tripp, 2013). Accurate and precise projections are generated by use of historical workforce data. Using modeling and forecasting the methodology borrows some business planning and risk management methods. It provides critical support to decision making by the executives. Availability of good data makes it possible for organizations to make reliable forecast regarding workforce as well as its environment. According to (Momin Mishra, 2015) external conditions like regional labor supply, political climate, economic trends and the natural disaster like-hood should be considered when making plans for workforce. Therefore these factors should be identified and quantified to enable organizations make reliable forecast. This in turn aids in effective and efficient decision making by the executives of an organization. Segmentation of Workforce Workforce segmentation works under the assumption that big workforce plans are too cumbersome to be useful Ctlina (2011) and are not as accurate as analysis that work using smaller workforce. Momin and Mishra (2015) argue that workforce planning is supposed to be selective. Workforce segmentation classified specific roles into job families depending on strategic importance. It requires intensive research to understand the dynamics of the segments. This research can be conducted inform of exit interviews, focuses groups or telephone interviews to get a in-depth understanding of the target audience. Workforce segmentation gives a reflection of tool and technological evolution. Workforce segmentation helps in customizing adaptable programs that benefit the company, employees as well as the customers therefore should be used to understand comprehensively and address an organizations workforce. In addition, it is important to put into place optimization strategies for workforce segmentation. Workforce segmentation is important for identifying where there are shortages for qualified talents for critical roles, speeds up new talent identification process of potential candidates who upon hire have a potential of making significant business impact. According to Ctlina (2011) when integrated properly, workforce segmentation will improve communication between human resource and business units thus enabling them to identify and retain the best talents. It is also important for identifying skill gaps available in workforce to enable the organization strategize on how to have the gaps filled. This therefore enables identification of critical roles that should be filled to avoid hurting the organizations objectives. The filling of critical roles in turn will give the company greater returns. The workforce segmentation is done for the long-term benefit and takes time and great effort and commitment to put in place. Regardless of the approach a company takes when planning for workforce, segmentation must come in at some point. This is because companies to make a difference of jobs that critical to the mission and those that are not, therefore, the need to identify employees that are most difficult to replace in the organization. Why Organizations Initiate Strategic Human Resource Planning Aging workforce and those near retirement age - The managers of companies with employees who are more than average age need to analyze the impact of retirement and plan on how to replace these employees upon retiring. Projected and current labor shortage requires planning to make sure these deficiencies do not affect the organization achievement of objectives. Globalization - Businesses shifting to the emerging global markets have to consider the pros and cons of shifting workforce to these new locations. Increasing use of contingent, flexible workforce - Due to the employers need for workforce that can swell or shrink on demand and the employees need for flexible work, contract jobs were started to meet this demand. Therefore, workforce planning becomes vital in managing this diversity and analysis the cost benefits of this kind of relationship. Mergers and acquisitions - Because of acquisitions and mergers, companies apply workforce-planning strategies to get to understand the workforce in the new addition, analyze gaps and broaden talent management. Technological and tools evolution - The advancement of technology has heightened the need for workforce planning to avoid redundancy and make sure that the workforce available is relevant to the present time technological and job requirement. Conclusion Human resource management involves making plans on how to move workforce requirements of an organization to the desired place. Human resource planning involves four phases, which are; gathering and analysis of data through forecasting and manpower inventories, establishing manpower policies and objectives, designing and implementing plans to achieve manpower objectives for the organization and controlling and evaluating manpower plans for the organization. Some approaches that organizations can use to ensure they have adequate manpower have been discussed. They include, workforce analytics, which is driven by the desire by organizations to move past the simple workforce planning to quantitative analysis. Scenario modeling and forecasting which is as a result of the ability to analyze both past and current data to get historical trends, measure results and test relationships and workforce segmentation that works under the assumption that big workforce plans are too cumbersome to be useful and are not as accurate as analysis that work using smaller workforce. Human resource planning is done by organization due to any reason like aging population. This report shows that human resource planning is very critical for companies as it ensures adequate staffs are in place for productivity. References Bechet, T.P., 2008. Strategic staffing: A comprehensive system for effective workforce planning. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Bhattacharyya, D.K., 2009. Human resource planning. Excel Books India. Ctlina, L., 2011. Human Resource Planning. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 11(1), pp.1124-1130. Momin, W.Y.M. and Mishra, K., 2015. HR Analytics as a Strategic Workforce Planning. IJAR, 1(4), pp.258-260. Vaidya, R., Porterfield, R., Moffett, C. and Schuhmann, P., 2010. Strategic Workforce Planning. Annals of the International Masters of Business Administration at UNC Wilmington, 3(2). Ward, D.L. and Tripp, R., 2013. Positioned: Strategic workforce planning that gets the right person in the right job. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.

Prophet hood in Islam free essay sample

Discusses the importance,qualities,rights and duties of prophets in Islam. This paper takes a look at the use of prophets in the Islamic religion. Islamic tradition numbers over two dozen figures sent to particular peoples, including David, Solomon, Noah, and Jonah,as well as the Arabian figures Hud, Salih, and Shuayb. The paper shows that all of them are prophets commissioned to warn their people: some are in addition messengers to whom scriptures are revealed. All prophets and messengers experienced initial rejection at the hands of their people, and some were killed .In every instance, God dealt harshly with the people. The paper also looks at the rights the Prophets were given, such as adherence and submission. The essay frequently quotes the Islamic holy textures. According to Islam when God appoints His prophet, in order to establish his identity and prophethood, the prophet is endowed with power to manifest a miracle and through it convince the people. We will write a custom essay sample on Prophet hood in Islam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We see that the miracle of each Prophet has been in accordance with the art and sciences of his time.

Walter White matured rapidly Essays

Walter White matured rapidly Essays Walter White matured rapidly Essay Walter White matured rapidly Essay Essay Topic: Bad Boy a Memoir Walter White in his memoir remembered a characteristic calm before the storm on that September night of 1906. White wrote, â€Å"My sister and I had casually commented upon the unusual quietness †¦ But as I remember it, no other sense of impending trouble impinged upon our consciousness. † In his more mature years, Walter White began to explain himself via a fictionalized account of the 1906 riot. And through the voice of Mimi Daquin, the character in his novel, he related the painful experience, â€Å"†¦on September 22, 1906†¦Mimi saw the mob gather steam and beat to death a bootblack near Five Points. She saw a white employer whisk two black employees to safety by rushing them in his cart right through the mob. † When the fury of the white man was fully vented this is what happened according to Dorsey: The riot began in the downtown area and spread to encompass the black neighborhoods of Darktown and Brownsville. Black citizens experienced property destruction, physical terror, and murder at the hands of their white peers. Before the riot ended, at least twelve Atlantans were dead, hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of property had been destroyed, and seventeen units of the Georgia State militia – among more than six hundred soldiers – had been assigned to the city. I Learn What I Am Puberty is the age where many young boys find themselves in a suspended animation in trying to discover their identity. To some it is a crisis stage and to many it is a turning point in their lives. As in the case of Walter White he did not only learned of his true identity much like a superhero would in a time of great difficulty and anguish. In his case though it came as an eyewitness to a terrible crime committed by a fellow human being to another. And the only excuse for such evil deed is the color of their skin. They have the same design, structure, ability to feel and understand. The only difference is the way nature chose to color their skin and for Walter White this is unacceptable and does not give any reason for white men to abuse black people. In that short three days of mayhem Walter White matured rapidly. His recollection of that period of time was written down: â€Å"I know the night when, in terror and bitterness of soul, I discovered that I was set apart by the pigmentation of my skin (invisible tough it was in my case) and the moment at which I decided that I would infinitely rather be what I was than †¦ be one of the race which had forced the decision upon me. † It is difficult to really know what Walter White was able to fully experience during those bleak times but it could be argued that he saw: 1. The savagery of his fellow white Americans who allowed emotions than reason to override their mental capability in the time of the riot. 2. The lies that were perpetuated just so two white people can satisfy their desire for power. 3. The disenfranchisement of a race that did nothing to deserve such treatment. 4. The insecurity of the white man to integrate with the black man does not show superiority but inferiority in the moral sense of the word. All these put together made Walter White decide that he is not white but in fact he is black. The world became a better place because of that bold decision. Walter White did not behave like the mob in which a person seeks protection from the group. He stood tall alone, in fact he stood in the middle between the black folks and the white folks. In that solitary space his bravery should be marveled upon. Conclusion The Negro race has suffered many injustices from the time that they were captured and sold as slaves many centuries ago. It was such a perplexing tale of man dominating not the beasts of the earth and all the things that contain in it but fellow humans. What is more perplexing though is the slow process of emancipation, from removing them from the fields and into a real liberation where they will be considered as equals among men. W. E. B. du Bois, founder of the NAACP, knew morality was on the Negro’s side, thus he asserted, â€Å"†¦we must strive for the rights which the world accords to men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Still it was a slow process, a procedure that sometimes get to be expedited by men of will and character. Into the ranks of this few good men is Walter Francis White who crossed the line and joined his Negro brothers although society forbade him to do so. Not minding of the persecution and ridicule that surprisingly came from both sides, Walter White was indefatigable in his fight to achieve racial equality in American society. His baffling behavior and change of affiliation from a White American male in the racially prejudiced South into an African American male was explained by a life changing event that happened when he was in his puberty. Many people in this age experience profound changes but what happened to Walter White was beyond the physical and went deep into the spirit and soul. After the 1906 riots Walter White began the journey into becoming a Negro by choice. As a white man he was able to infiltrate the white world and vice versa. He was able to bring a whole different perspective in the Black’s struggle for inequality. His insight became so valuable because he had the rare opportunity to go where a few can enter. From the highest echelons of U. S. governance into the deepest parts of Black communities Walter White gathered information and interacted with people to become an influential leader of the NAACP. He used the NAACP, as a tool to influence others and make changes that would not have happened if things were left on its own. Walter White died not from a Klu Klux Klan’s bullet, nor from the frenzied swing of a rioter but from a health condition that snuffed his life at a relatively early age. Yet his legacy lives on. The greater degree of freedom experienced by present day African Americans, they owe to men like White who did not consider it a loss to be identified with a persecuted race. There were those who still question the motives of Walter White. There were those who were still unsure up to this day on what to make of him. It is the opinion of the proponent that one should spend less time in analyzing something beyond reach. But instead to focus on the practical ways on which average Americans can emulate the example of this great person, a man called White. Bibliography Dorsey, Allison â€Å"To Build our Lives Together: Community Formation in Black Atlanta†, Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 2004. Janken Kenneth. â€Å"Walter White: Mr. NAACP†, New York: New Press, 2006. Tuttle, William. â€Å"Race Riot†. IL: University of Illinois Press, 1996. White, Walter, F. â€Å"A Man Called White†, Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1995.

An Overview of Early Childhood Education

An Overview of Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Education is a term that refers to educational programs and strategies geared toward children from birth to the age of eight. This time period is widely considered the most vulnerable and crucial stage of a persons life. Early childhood education often focuses on guiding children to learn through play. The term commonly  refers to preschool or infant/child care programs. Early Childhood Education Philosophies Learning through play is a common teaching philosophy for young children. Jean Piaget developed the PILES theme to meet the physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social needs of children. Piagets constructivist theory emphasizes hands-on educational experiences, giving children the chance to explore and manipulate objects. Children in preschool learn both academic and social-based lessons. They prepare for school by learning letters, numbers, and how to write. They also learn sharing, cooperation, taking turns, and operating within a structured environment. Scaffolding in Early Childhood Education The  scaffolding method of teaching  is to offer more structure and support when a child is learning a new concept. The child may be taught something new by employing things they already know how to do. As in a scaffold that supports a building project, these supports can then be removed as the child learns the skill. This method is meant to build confidence while learning. Early Childhood Education Careers Careers in early childhood and education include: Preschool Teacher: These teachers work with children ages three to five who are not yet in kindergarten. The educational requirements vary by state. Some require only a high school diploma and a certification, while others require a four-year degree.Kindergarten Teacher: This position may be with a public or private school and may require a degree and certification, depending on the state.Teacher for First, Second, and Third Grades: These elementary school positions are considered to be part of early childhood education. They teach a full range basic academic subjects to a class rather than specializing. A bachelors degree is required and a certification may be needed, depending on the state.Teacher Assistant or Paraeducator: The assistant works in the classroom under the direction of the lead teacher. Often they work with one or more students at a time. This position often does not require a degree.Childcare Worker: Nannies, babysitters, and workers at childcare centers usually perf orm basic duties such as feeding and bathing in addition to play and activities that may be mentally stimulating. An associates degree in early childhood development or a credential may result in a higher salary. Childcare Center Administrator: The director of a childcare facility may be required by a state to have a bachelors degree in Early Childhood Education or a certification in Child Development. This position trains and supervises the staff as well as performing the administrative duties of the facility.Special Education Teacher: This position often requires additional certification beyond that for a teacher. The special education teacher would work with children who have special needs, including mental, physical, and emotional challenges.

Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis - Essay Example Hazard vulnerability analysis is defines as the identification of potential disasters or emergency situations and the effects, both direct and indirect, that these situations may have on operations (Cutter 9). The main purpose of hazard and vulnerability analysis is to help the affected community to make the right choices that will help them address the vulnerabilities that they face. The analysis also helps in mitigating hazards and in the preparation for response and recovery efforts. Every emergency program should have a mechanism for hazard and vulnerability analysis (Wisner, Blaike and Cannon 17). In order to make accurate predictions for future events, it is important that the analysts collect the relevant information from different sources. This information should be relevant to the current situation and it should help in the creation of mitigating measures. The kind of data that should be collected during analysis includes everything about the nature and the causes of previous events. The frequency and/or intensity of previous disasters, as well as their magnitude should be included in the analysis. Information about the effects that the disaster may have had in a given area is also important for the purpose of analysis of the current situation (Turner and Kasperson 37). When the data has been collected, it is easy for the analyst’s to map the location of the potential and past hazards. This way, it easy to get information through the use of satellite images, aerial photography and remote sensing technology (Cutter 52). Predictive information can be derived from hydrology, seismology, meteorology and volcanology data. This kind of information can be found in most government agencies and some private institutions (Wisner, Blaike and Cannon, 47). Other data can be found in core databases to help in decision making (Turner and Kasperson 42). The business sector is most likely to be affected by earthquakes. This is because

Economic Impacts of World Cup Football in South Africa Coursework

Economic Impacts of World Cup Football in South Africa - Coursework Example The South Africa World Cup is one of such world cup football that experienced a massive turnout of people from everywhere. This paper examines the real impacts of the tournament through a well-calculated impact assessment or measurement.In measuring the economic impacts of an event, certain tools or methodologies are applied in order to undertake a relevant and appropriate economic activity. During impact measurement or assessment, it is important to first identify the need for the entire process. Why it is considered necessary to outline the outcome of a particular event? This is done through screening. In screening, the need to understand the influence the event had on a particular sphere is outlined. The analysis of the event should appraise the event and the activities associated with the event and with the whole process. It determines whether there is a need to make improvements or necessary changes. After the screening, there is the need to develop an effective framework of the event relationship with the receptors in the environment of operation.   This is a high-level assessment that establishes the relationship between the two factors (the event itself and the environmental receptors through an interaction medium). Scientific judgment is employed alongside applying the previous event the same as the one in question.An analysis of the existing conditions past the events is undertaken. This helps to relate the current existing conditions and the conditions than before the event. As such, relevant parameters are applied in order to establish whether there is a difference between the two conditions and if there is a difference, is it positive or negative? The affirmatives prove the worth of the event in as far as the sphere on the subject is concerned. After identifying the conditions, it is then important to evaluate the significance of the impact. The impact should be able to relate to certain positives of the sphere concerned or at least create certai n negative situations that affect in any way.

Dubai Property Market Economic Theory

Dubai Property Market Economic Theory With this dissertation what I would like to achieve is the following: I will carry out extensive research on the economic theory behind booms and bursts. I will look at some of the booms and bursts throughout history. I will attempt to make my own economic model behind what caused a boom and its subsequent burst and see if this model can be applied to the economic situation of the property market in Dubai. If a number of variables existed that suggested a burst might be coming, why was nothing done to stop it? 1.2: A brief history of Dubai Thirty years ago almost all of modern Dubai was desert. In the mid 18th century a small nomadic group settled there and built a small town. This small towns underlying asset being pearls. The pearl trade attracted people from all over the middle east, all with dreams of prosperity. The town was named Daba after a local locust that consumed everything it encountered. This rapidly growing town was soon acquired by the Gunships of the British army. Britain maintained control of the area until 1971(The Independent2009). In 1971 Dubai and five surrounding sheikhdoms (Abu Dhabi, Al Fujayrah, Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn and Sharjah) agreed on a federal constitution and became The United Arab Emirates or UAE. In February 1972 a seventh Sheikhdom, Ras al Khaymah joined the UAE. At this point Sheikh Zayid Ibn Sultan Al Nuhayyan of Abu Dhabi became the first president of the UAE. The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al Maktum was named vice president, and his eldest son, Sheikh Maktum ibn Rash id Al Maktum, the prince of Dubai, became prime minister. In 1990 Sheikh Maktum succeeded his father as ruler of Dubai and as vice president and prime minister of the UAE (Library of Congress2007). It was around 1971, as the British were leaving that oil was first discovered. However to say that Dubai relied on oil for its growth would be wrong. Dubai had very little oil relative to its neighbouring emirate Abu Dhabi. So Sheikh Maktum had to diversify. He used oil revenues to create something he thought sustainable. Israel used to boast it made the desert bloom; Sheikh Maktum resolved to make the desert boom (The Independent 2009). It became a hub for tourism and financial services, Attracting capital and expertise from all over the globe. He invited the world to come tax free, and people came in their millions. A city seemed to descend from the heavens in thirty years. Would it be sustainable? (Source : The Independent, The Dark side of Dubai, 7 April 2009) (Source: Country Profile : UAE. Library of Congress Federal Research division, July 2007) 1.3: From Boom to bust over night. I arrived in Dubai in 2007 at a point when it was said that a third of the worlds construction equipment was in Dubai. It was the second fastest growing city in the world (second to Moscow) and appeared to be one big construction site. Skyscrapers were appearing over night to cater for increases in demand in property. However, a large part of this demand for property was merely speculatory. Investments in property appeared to be highly attractive and beneficial, especially to foreign investors earning in non dollar currencies. I say this because the dirham is pegged to the dollar (3.75 dhms per US Dollar). It was around late 2007 early 2008 that the dollar reached its weakest point making property in Dubai cheaper to people earning pounds for example. People also assumed that the dollar would one day appreciate; therefore giving investors that extra incentive. Dubais popularity was rapidly increasing and it was booming in the true definition of the word. However in September of 2008 things changed. See the following line graph of average residential sales prices to appreciate the extent of the crash. Figure 1 Residential sale prices (AED/ft2) Source: Landmark Advisory Board 2010. As you can see in Q408 both the average price of apartments and villas plummet from a mutual peak of 1500 AED/ft2 to around 900 AED/ft2 from one month to the next. This is a massive average decrease of 40 percent. I will attempt to demonstrate why this rapid increase in residential prices occurred and its subsequent decline and decide whether the boom and bust can be considered a bubble bursting in its true economic definition. Literature Review The Economic Theory and History behind Bubbles 2.1 An introduction to bubbles Essentially an economic bubble is an increase in the price of an asset or stock above its fundamental value and its subsequent decrease in value and implosion on the bubble is referred to as a burst. When asset prices increase speculators are overwhelmed by a sense of euphoria, chasing short term capital gains. A phenomenon that former chairman of the federal reserve Alan Greenspan memorably called irrational exuberance (Nial Ferguson, The Ascent of Money). Contrarily, when speculators primitive instincts turn from greed to fear, the bubble created by the initial irrational exuberance can burst with astonishing abruptness; almost overnight. Charles Kindleberger defined a bubble as a sharp rise in price of an asset or a range of assets in a continuous process, with the initial rise generating expectations of further rises and attracting new buyers generally speculators interested in profits from trading in the asset rather than its use or earning capacity. The rise is usually followed by a reversal of expectations and a sharp decline in price often resulting in financial crises (Bubble, Bubble, Wheres the Housing Bubble?) The initial boost in augmentation of the economy acts as a catalyst for both lenders and investors optimism about the future and asset prices rise swiftly. Nial ferguson refers to investors as an electronic herd, happily grazing on positive returns one moment, then stampeding for the farmyard gate the next (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). 2.2 Bubbles in History The big ten economic bubbles (Charles P Kindleberger, Robert Z Aliber 2005) 1. The Dutch Tulip Bulb Bubble 1636 2. The South Sea Bubble 1720 3. The Mississippi bubble 1720 4. The late 1920s US stock price Bubble 1927-29 5. The increase in bank loans to Mexico and other developing countries in the 1970s 6. The bubble in real estate and stocks in Finland, Norway and Sweden 7. The bubble in real estate and stocks in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and several other Asian countries 1992-97 8. The bubble in real estate and stocks in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and several other Asian countries 1992-97 9. The increase in foreign investment in Mexico 1990-93 10. The Bubble in over the counter stocks in the United States 1995-2000. Also known as the .com bubble Over and over again asset, security and stock prices have reached unsustainable highs and subsequently come crashing down. From boom to bust, this process is consistently associated with ruthless insiders exploiting asymmetries of information attempting to make a profit at the cost of first time investors. In Dubai, every three months or so Emaar one of the big real estate developers (of which it is alleged that the absolute ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed has a thirty percent stake) released property for sale at increasing prices, almost instigating the bubble themselves very similar to what John Law (a convicted murderer and gambling addict) did with shares of the joint stock company named Company of the West (Compagnie dOccident) which resulted in the Mississippi bubble of 1720(Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). All these bubbles in History have followed similar paths; Nial Ferguson believes it possible to dissect all bubbles into five stages. 2.3 Nial Fergusons Five Stage Model (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009) 1. Displacement: An incident or innovation in the economy that generates new and lucrative possibilities for investors/speculators. Kindleberger refers to this as the expansion stage of the business cycle (Charles P Kindleberger, 2005). In the cases of the Dutch Tulip Bulb, The South Sea and Mississippi Bubbles this displacement was the creation of the Joint Stock Company. In the case of the US .com bubble the displacement or expansion was innovations in technology like the internet. In Dubai It could be argued that the displacement stage of the bubble was when developments were open for sale to foreign investors as opposed to previously when only locals could purchase land and property. This initial process causes a rise in spending which leads to inflated prices and increased consumption which combined translate to economic growth. 2. Euphoria/overtrading: Rising expected profits induce the appreciation in value of assets and shares. Investment soars because credit is in abundance. In Japan in the eighties Japanese investors had access to mountains of credit made available by nave bankers that didnt even contemplate a crash and the Japanese went on an investment spree. In the US in the 1990s, during the time preceding the crash .dom companies had access to almost infinite funds from venture capitalists with distorted perceptions of the future profitability of these firms (Charles P Kindleberger and Robert Z Alibir). Dubai was the same pre crash credit was very accessible; I will asses this further in my analysis segment of the dissertation. 3. Mania/bubble: The anticipation of rapid, easy capital gains entices first time investors and unscrupulous, esoteric brokers cater for this demand, in a ruthless attempt to sell assets and shares before a crash, which a seasoned broker is capable of predicting. 4. Distress: Insiders become aware that prices of assets and shares exceed their fundamental values and exploit the asymmetries of information by selling at profit. 5. Revulsion/discredit: prices begin to plummet and the electronic herd stampedes to exit the market causing the bubble to implode. The value of commodities bonds, stocks, land, buildings and houses decline to levels that are 30 to 40 percent below peak prices (Charles p kindleberger and Robert Z . Aliber, 2008, 2009), this adheres perfectly to residential duelling prices in Dubai (refer to figure 1). (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). The Fundamentals behind this model are asymmetric information, availability to rapid, relatively cheap credit and the capability of capital to flow freely over geographical borders. This five stage model is accurate but basic. I will now progress to more specific models in detail behind the creation and existence of economic bubbles. 2.4 The Hyman Minsky model of instability in the supply of credit. This model created by Hyman Minsky can be used to explain financial fragility in economies. Minsky focuses on changes in the availability of credit. During periods of growth the supply of credit increases and during economic slowdowns this supply decreases. In times of growth, usually following an economic displacement like mentioned in Nial Fergusons model, investors feel more confident about the profitability of a number of investments and seek to finance these investments with credit. In the meantime, lenders become more enthusiastic about providing credit, even for investments, that prior to the expansion, had appeared too risky they become far less risk averse, reducing minimum down payments, minimum margin requirements. For individual lenders the cost of borrowing has to remain competitive too to maintain market share. However, when the mood changes, the economy slows down and fear kicks in, investors act much more cautiously. Lenders react similarly and their risk averseness increases and they supply less credit. Minsky believed that these cyclical changes in the availability of credit are a major catalyst to financial instability and are a factor in causing bubbles (Charles p kindleberger and Robert Z . Aliber, 2008, 2009). I am certain that minskys model was apparent in Dubai and definitely a defining factor of the recent burst. I will go on to prove this in the critical analysis part of the dissertation. Minsky also mentions an over-estimate of prospective returns, or excessive leverage (Charles p kindleberger and Robert Z . Aliber, 2008, 2009) during the euphoric period. Speculation suggests the acquisition of assets for the capital gain from expected surges in their value as opposed to income generated by one of these assets or for their use. The income generated by an asset or the use of an asset is considered to be the fundamental value of an asset and in bubbles the prices of assets fluctuate far from their fundamental values. This point is made clearer in the next part of the literature review. Minsky also states that a sense of euphoria or depression in one country maybe contagious in another country. I believe that the recent housing bubble in the United States and its subsequent burst influenced the real estate bubble in Dubai and was a significant cause of the crash. 2.5 Fundamental Value Researchers seem to concentrate on one of the following elements when considering a bubble: rapid appreciation of assets, overly optimistic predictions of future prices, a discrepancy between price and fundamental value and obviously a vast depreciation of assets when the bubble pops (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). Karl Case and Robert Shiller believe that A tendency to view housing as an investment is a defining characteristic of a housing bubble (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). However, Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, in their 2006 journal titled Housing, Housing, where is the housing bubble? disagree. They argue that housing can be considered a legitimate investment and that the best way to spot a bubble is to determine the discrepancy between the actual prices of houses and the fundamental value of these houses. Speculators in general do not make an attempt to calculate the underlying value of a house, they respond to expected capital gains. Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith define a bubble as a scenario where the equilibrium price of an asset is higher than the present value of the anticipated cash flow from the asset (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). Nonetheless, fundamental values may rise rapidly (for example an increase in population and therefore an incre ase in the acquisitions of houses for their use as opposed to expected capital gains, or an increase in rent) may stimulate a legitimate increase in the prices of houses. Equilibrium house prices may also increase rapidly and not necessarily be considered a bubble if their actual price is lower than their underlying fundamental value. They state that the real defining characteristic of a bubble is when equilibrium market prices cannot be answered for by the assets anticipated cash flow. Case and Shiller refer to the real estate market as being populated by amateurs making infrequent transactions on the basis of limited information and with little or no experience in gauging the fundamental value of the properties they are buying and selling'(Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). If this is true and I believe it was, in Dubai, to a certain extent (through knowing investors on a personal level) how can one expect for fundamental values to equal market prices? Most agents within the real estate market i.e. brokers, buyers and sellers seem to use what is known as comps when dealing within the real estate market. Comps are the latest sale prices of homes with similar specifications within the same area. Comps tell us how much other individuals are prepared to pay but not whether these prices are justified by the fundamental value (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). Attempting to demonstrate whether market prices differ from fundamental prices isnt easy. Figures for average real estate prices are infamously imperfect. This is mainly due to the fact that houses are not homogenous in their specifications and environments. However, the National City Corporation use a multiple regression which considers a ratio of house prices to household income in a given area to mortgage rates, population density, the ratio of household income in the given area to the national average and historical prices to determine how much actual prices deviate from their real values (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). The reason a ratio of house price and household income is used is based on theory by Karl case and Shiller that argue that housing prices are a bubble waiting to pop if the average investor is priced out of the market'(Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). There are problems with this model e.g. the historic house prices may not be based on fundamental value. Some economists including Edward Leamer argue that if house prices have increased in a larger proportion than rents a bubble exists (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). I will attempt to look at rents versus house prices in my critical analysis section of the dissertation to determine whether this was apparent in Dubai. I will also attempt to look at the population density because I believe that it is relevant to fundamental value because an increase in population causes an increase in the demand for residential properties that will be used as dwellings. Minsky stated that a fundamental value of an asset was to do with is use and the income (rent) generated from the asset. 2.6 A brief look at the recent financial crisis in the USA. Hyman minsky stated in his interpretation of a bubble that euphoria or depression in one country can be contagious and spill over into another. I believe that the bursting of the real estate bubble in the states and the subsequent lack of worldwide credit was highly influential in the bursting of Dubais housing bubble. As per usual the great real estate and leverage bubble in the US of 2007 was instigated by a pervasive macroeconomic displacement. Prior to the 2000s banks would give loans to home owners and keep those loans as assets in their books (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). However, post 2000 the entire banking system changed. Banks carried on issuing loans for mortgages but instead of holding them as assets on their books they would keep them for a short period of time and then sell them on to investment banks who would bundle different loans with different credit ratings into mortgage backed securities, also known as collateralized debt obligations (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). Loans are split into different risk classes or tranches. So, low risk loans and high risk loans are bundled together and sold as one financial product which was deemed a good investment. This caused deterioration in lending standards (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). Employees in charge of originating loans to clients were reckless when assessing the risk of the individuals potential default especially when dealing with subprime mortgages because they knew that the bank was only going to hold these loans for a short period of time and then pass them on. Insurance companies were also insuring subprime loans with credit default swaps because they were too nave to foresee mass defaults. These innovations in the banking system made credit easily accessible to individuals who may have not been considered credit worthy before these changes (subprime). Many financial institutions held vast amounts of these new bundled securities based around mortgages and held less equity backed securities and increased their leverage ratios (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010) making them very vulnerable in the case of a crash. Highly accessible credit at attractive rates due to lowered lending standards led to a huge bubble in the prices of houses. The inflation adjusted price of a commonplace home was roughly identical in 1999 as it was in 1899; however, between 2000 and 2006 real home prices doubled (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). This is portrayed in the following line graph based on data from the Case-Shiller home price index in the US. Figure 2 Case-Shiller Home price index, 1989 = 100. Source: (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010) As you can see from the graph there is a rapid ascent in prices from around 2000 followed by a quick fall in prices starting in 2007. Prices began to decline and euphoria turned to fear. Houses were worth less than the amount of money owed to the banks and individuals began to default in mass. With massive amounts of defaults occurring, the value of the bundled mortgage backed securities or collaterized debt obligations (cdos) decreased rapidly. Many highly leveraged financial institutions holding long term assets financed by the short term mortgage backed securities did not have sufficient liquidity to continue to function (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). All credit markets were frozen, excluding the US Treasury securities markets and financial institutions did not have sufficient liquidity to cover their short term debts. In the case of a bank an example of a short term debt is a deposit and people began to fear for their deposits and runs on banks happened in the US and UK institutions with vast amount of money invested in the US housing market e.g. Northern Rock. The US government was forced to bail out a number of financial institutions to prevent a total financial collapse (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). Banks all over the world became cautious about lending money. Amlak finance Dubai stopped lending money all together and I think this was significant in the bursting of the bubble; it ties in directly with Minskys model of cyclical changes in the supply of credit. Panic struck and a worldwide financial crisis ensued. 3 Critical Analysis In this section of my dissertation I will evaluate real life data and literature about the situation in Dubai. What caused the rapid increase in price in the housing market? and what caused the resultant rapid decline in prices. 3.1 Displacement. Economists appear to agree that every bubble starts with a displacement. A macroeconomic change, or innovation, that induces pervasive adjustments in how agents within the economy behave and perceive the future. It can also be considered a paradigm shift. In the case of the .com bubble the displacement was the availability of the interweb to mass users. In the case of the recent housing and leverage bubble of the US the displacement was innovations in the banking system and the creation of new bundled financial products and collaterized debt obligations. In Dubai I believe that there were three displacing factors: The first displacing factor occurred in May 2002. Dubai was never rich in oil like its neighbouring emirate Abu Dhabi so it focused on creating a hub for tourism and commerce. It also promoted the development of real estate. In 1997 publicly quoted Emaar Properties and Al Nakheel Properties were setup (http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/articles/freehold_property.php). In 1998 emaar started developing the Dubai Marina and the Emirates Living Community; however, properties within these developments were released on leasehold contracts which mean that properties are leased out for ninety years as opposed to being owned freehold. These developments were not successful in the market. People were sceptical about the leasehold contracts. Things changed in May 2002 when the crown prince General Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktum implemented a new law, stating that ex pats were able to buy property in certain areas of Dubai. The following graph shows all transactions from 1994. The graph is based on data from REIDIN.com a company that provides data and information covering all deals and transactions in Dubai since 1973. The company is an exclusive partner of the Dubai Land Department the real estate registry for the emirate. (REIDIN, DUBAI FOCUS, 2010) Figure 3 Quantity of transactions in Dubai from 1994 (Reidin.com, DubaiFocus, 2010) The graph shows that as of the changes in law about the ownership of real estate from 2002 there is not a significant increase in the quantity of transactions. In fact, there is a decline in transactions until 2005 when quantity of transactions increase rapidly from there onwards. I would still, however, consider the innovations in the legislation behind the ownership of property a displacement because without the changes, ex pats would never have been able to own property on a freehold basis and the bubble would never have happened. I say this because the vast majority of investments into the property market have come from expatriate sources. See the following chart which depicts the value of transactions by nationality. Figure 4 Value (AED) of property transactions by nationality from 1973 (Reidin.com, DubaiFocus, 2010) As you can see from the chart foreign investment is very significant in value and this could never have happened if the changes in legislation had not been made. Also, cross border transactions are a key in the creation of a bubble and as you can see from figure 4 cross border transactions are huge. Another displacing factor was hype generated by the media about talks of a new GCC currency called the Khaleeji. Talks were being had about the possibility of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain creating a new currency for their states. These talks were being had around 2006/2007 and nothing was ever finalised but if it was to happen, especially at a point in time when the dollar was weak, this new currency would be valued higher than the specific currencies of the gulf states and investments in these countries would appear even more attractive to speculators as they would rise in value from the creation of a new currency. This ties in with the next displacing factor which is the weakness of the dollar due to financial fragility in the US. In the Spring of 2006 the dollar weakened dramatically due to financial instability in the US. Towards the end of 2006 it looked as if the exchange rate was rising towards $2. In April 2007 the Dollar depreciated to over $2 and on the 27th of July 2007 it got to $2.06 the weakest it has been since 1981, it continued to fluctuate around $2 for the next five months and on the 9th of November 2007 it was $2.11. After this point, on average, the pound began to decline in value as the global recession hit the UK. The importance of this analysis about the dollar exchange rate is that it shows that from around 2006 until 2008 the dollar was relatively weak compared to the pound. Transactions for Real Estate were booming during this period as portrayed in figure 3 and a huge portion of these transactions were fuelled by investment from the United Kingdom as portrayed in figure 4. I therefore believe that the weak dollar was statistically significant in the increase of transactions from UK investors. The exchange rate of the Dollar versus the Indian Rupee shows a similar story. From around January 2007 the dollar declines in value against the rupee to a peak of around 39 rupee to the dollar. Compare this to a value of around 55 rupee in 2003. Again the weakness of the dollar compared to the Indian rupee can be argued to have catalysed vast investment from Indian investors from 2006 as the dollar was depreciating until late 2008 when the global crisis begun to have consequences on other nations e.g. India and the UK. I therefore consider this a displacement which lead to increases in transactions, increases in prices of property and overly optimistic expected prices. Refer to graphs of the dollar exchange rates versus the pound and rupee in the appendix section of the dissertation. 3.2 Euphoria/overtrading If you refer back to Nial Fergusons five stage bubble model you will see that after a pervasive macroeconomic displacement in the economy, if it is tending towards a bubble situation, an economy will experience euphoria, also referred to as overtrading. Rising expected profits induce the appreciation in value of assets and shares. Investment soars because credit is in abundance. If you refer back to figure 1 you will see that prices begin to rise steadily from 2005/2006. The number of transactions also increases rapidly from around the same period. Nial Ferguson also talks about the abundance of credit; this too ties in with minskys model of the pro cyclical supply of credit. It implies that many of these transactions were fuelled by credit or leveraged. Again this is similar to what was happening in the US before their crash. The following line graph shows the percentage of residential transactions fuelled by credit or leveraged. I have also included the percentage of residential transactions that are classed as other. I have put other transaction types into the equation because a substantial amount of transactions are classed as other. other refers to transactions that are none of the following transaction types: sale, mortgage, leasing, valuation, grant, rent, compensation and pre-registration. Im not entirely sure as to what types of transaction would be considered as other. This, I will consider a limitation in my data; however, this is data provided by a governmental entity and censorship is alive and well in Dubai. Figure 5 Percentage of residential transactions leveraged with credit. What figure 5 shows is a steady increase in the percentage of transactions fuelled by credit until 2006 when there is a vast decline in this percentage and a continuous decrease until 2009. I wonder if the global credit crunch caused by the US crash hit Dubai much earlier than people thought, however why did prices not stop falling until late 2008/2009?. There is a visible pattern here; as transactions leveraged by mortgages decreases, transactions classed by Dubai Land Department the real estate registry for the emirate as other increase. This appears to be rather dubious in my opinion; maybe the global credit crunch hit Dubai but in an attempt to maintain high prices until ruthless inside investors with asymmetries of information could leave the market with huge profits the quantity of transactions was kept high by the government, who have invested interests. Emaar Properties and Al Nakheel Properties are publicly quoted companies but ownership is predominately by wealthy governme ntal authorities. We all know that OPEC controls the supply of oil to maintain high prices; maybe something similar happened with property in Dubai. Nial Ferguson does mention ruthless inside investors have played a significant role in past bubbles; I think this could be apparent here. (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). The graph shows that vast amounts of credit were used to leverage investments until 2006 when the amount declines rapidly. Probably because banks were influenced by the credit crunch in the US and feared they may have inadequate liquidity. I will analyse the pro cyclical supply of credit in a later section of my dissertation. 3.3 Mania/Bubble and distress Nial Ferguson refers to the next the next stage as mania or bubble, where first time investors are enticed to the market and seasoned investors who can predict a crash scramble to sell their investments at a profit before the crash. If you refer back to figure 3 that shows the quantity of transactions I would say that the mania/bubble stage was occurring from 2007 to 2008 at when the quantity of transactions are skyrocketing. At this point too, prices are still very high (refer back to figure 1). The closer to late 2008 the sillier the investment, as bubble bursts in october 2008. Therefore transactions around about this time have to be from first time investors who cannot see a crash. This is referred to by Nial ferguson as the distress period. 3.4 Revulsion/discredit Prices begin to plummet and the herd stampedes to exit the market causing the bubble to implode. This is apparent in late 2008 and 2009. Transactions stay high (Figure 3) but prices are declining rapidly (40 percent on average). So, investors are struck by fear and rush to sell properties even if it is done at significant los